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Prolonged exposure to cold water can lead to hypothermia, which is a condition that occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing a dangerously low body temperature. When a person is immersed in cold water for an extended period, the body's core temperature can drop, leading to physiological effects such as shivering, confusion, weakness, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness or even death.

Hypothermia develops because the body is unable to maintain its normal temperature in cold environments, especially when the temperature of the water is significantly lower than the body's normal threshold. It is important to recognize the signs of hypothermia and take appropriate action to warm the individual and prevent further heat loss.

In contrast, hyperthermia, heat stroke, and chemical burns are not associated with cold water exposure. Hyperthermia is related to excessive heat and can occur in hot environments. Heat stroke is a severe form of hyperthermia. Chemical burns are caused by exposure to harmful chemicals and not related to temperature exposure in water. Thus, the correct answer highlights the specific risk associated with being in cold water for too long.